336-323 BC. [110], When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon. [159] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause. [97] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius's successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander. [192] The Macedonian phalanx, armed with the sarissa, a spear 6 metres (20ft) long, had been developed and perfected by Philip II through rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and manoeuvrability to great effect against larger but more disparate Persian forces. WebFind your Area of Focus. Buy Now. There are many alternate spellings of Alexander depending. Buy Now. [111] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. attempt". These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. [11] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Alexander. [67] In the following year, 332BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. [266][267], Suda wrote that Alexander built a big temple to Sarapis. Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. [146] There are two different versions of Alexander's death, differing slightly in details. Communications. At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought against him from the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and Aornos. [231] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, which was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes;[102] however the practise of proskynesis was disapproved by the Macedonians, and they were unwilling to perform it. Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. Alexander personally defeated the Scythians at the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately launched a campaign against Spitamenes, defeating him in the Battle of Gabai. [61] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. He then stormed the pass of the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by a Persian army under Ariobarzanes and then hurried to Persepolis before its garrison could loot the treasury.[87]. [140], After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. WebAlexander Colleges student information system is called MyAC. [42] Accordingly, Alexander returned to Macedon after six months due to the efforts of a family friend, Demaratus, who mediated between the two parties. [293], Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that Caracalla visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the Aristotelian school based on a legend that Aristotle had poisoned Alexander. [283] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. On entering Persepolis, Alexander allowed his troops to loot the city for several days. His military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves,[c] and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide. [307], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. [14], On the day Alexander was born, Philip was preparing a siege on the city of Potidea on the peninsula of Chalcidice. Sometime after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a seal engraved with a lion's image. New Haven: Yale University Press. He founded more than twenty cities, with the most prominent being the city of Alexandria in Egypt. [187] Furthermore, Perdiccas had read the notebooks containing Alexander's last plans to the Macedonian troops in Babylon, who voted not to carry them out.[62]. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russiadied December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (180125), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (181315) helped form the Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic, Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia. Julius Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Hispania after his wife's funeral, in the spring or early summer of 69 BC. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. [116] The reverse design of Alexander's tetradrachms is closely modelled on the depiction of the god Baaltars (Baal of Tarsus), on the silver staters minted at Tarsus by the Persian satrap Mazaeus before Alexander's conquest. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. Alexander was a Peripatetic philosopher and commentator, active in the late second and early third century CE. [63][64] At first, all went well. Alexander moved back and forth between Detroit's active roster and practice squad over the first half of the season. Starting from Amphipolis, he travelled east into the country of the "Independent Thracians"; and at Mount Haemus, the Macedonian army attacked and defeated the Thracian forces manning the heights. Nicolle, David (2000). Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. Even as he watched the city burn, Alexander immediately began to regret his decision. [195], At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through. [231] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military pp. [199][198] Nevertheless, Andrew Stewart highlights the fact that artistic portraits, not least because of who they are commissioned by, are always partisan, and that artistic portrayals of Alexander "seek to legitimize him (or, by extension, his Successors), to interpret him to their audiences, to answer their critiques, and to persuade them of his greatness", and thus should be considered within a framework of "praise and blame", in the same way sources such as praise poetry are. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. [17], Alexander's most immediate legacy was the introduction of Macedonian rule to huge new swathes of Asia. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. [273] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek. WebAlexander PCs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner. [101] However, as basic forms of community life and the general structure of government were maintained and resuscitated by Alexander under his own rule, he, in the words of the Iranologist Pierre Briant "may therefore be considered to have acted in many ways as the last of the Achaemenids. By the time of his death, he had conquered the entire. [166] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. [43] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son. He overcame this by being personally involved in battle,[89] in the manner of a Macedonian king. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus's territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). Alexander then marched for three days to the Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the opposite shore. However, Alexander was met with resistance at Gaza. [67], From Halicarnassus, Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia and the Pamphylian plain, asserting control over all coastal cities to deny the Persians naval bases. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. [17], The conquest by Philip II of Pangaeum and then of the island of Thasos between 356 and 342 BC brought rich gold and silver mines under Macedonian control. We are proud to offer over 125 university level courses that transfer to other universities and colleges in the BCCAT system. [149][181], Perdiccas initially did not claim power, instead suggesting that Roxane's baby would be king, if male; with himself, Craterus, Leonnatus, and Antipater as guardians. Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus. [205][206][207], Many scholars and historians attribute heterochromia to him. [105], During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors. on the country in which you live. [311] In the Shahnameh, Alexander's first journey is to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba. See All [42] Philip exiled four of Alexander's friends, Harpalus, Nearchus, Ptolemy and Erigyius, and had the Corinthians bring Thessalus to him in chains. Alexander moved back and forth between Detroit's active roster and practice squad over the first half of the season. Computer Science. [75], When Alexander destroyed Tyre, most of the towns on the route to Egypt quickly capitulated. The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome. Vocabulary. [241][242], Alexander also had a close relationship with his friend, general, and bodyguard Hephaestion, the son of a Macedonian noble. [68] At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia". Alexander then led the League of Corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-Hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all Greeks in their conquest of Persia.[5][6]. Irish playwright Aubrey Thomas de Vere wrote Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem. Buy Now. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. [16] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. UPCOMING EVENTS. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russiadied December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (180125), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (181315) helped form the Philip was then named Hegemon (often translated as "Supreme Commander") of this league (known by modern scholars as the League of Corinth), and announced his plans to attack the Persian Empire. [116], Alexander did not attempt to impose uniform imperial coinage throughout his new conquests. According to the legend, after Alexander hunted on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a plane tree at the sanctuary of Nemesis. [211] However, some have denied this claim as being used to emphasise the otherworldly and heroic qualities of Alexander. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. [34], After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war. [131] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the Anatolian isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, The first known person to call Alexander "the Great" was a Roman playwright named, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336167 B.C. [98] Alexander buried Darius's remains next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a regal funeral. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. [112], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. ABOUT US. Geoff W. Adams, The Roman Emperor Gaius "Caligula" and His Hellenistic Aspirations, pp 46. When Alexander asked Diogenes what he could do for him, the philosopher disdainfully asked Alexander to stand a little to the side, as he was blocking the sunlight. HOME. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[151] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. [292], In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. [262], In 334 BC, Alexander the Great donated funds for the completion of the new temple of Athena Polias in Priene, in modern-day western Turkey. [144] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander and he ordered the preparation of an expensive funeral pyre in Babylon along with a decree for public mourning. [85], Babylonian astronomical diaries say that "the king of the world, Alexander" sent his scouts with a message to the people of Babylon before entering the city: "I shall not enter your houses". Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. Biology. "[305], In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. [156][157][158] In a 2014 manuscript in the journal Clinical Toxicology, Schep suggested Alexander's wine was spiked with Veratrum album, and that this would produce poisoning symptoms that match the course of events described in the Alexander Romance. [169] Perhaps more likely, the successors may have seen possession of the body as a symbol of legitimacy, since burying the prior king was a royal prerogative. AFTERSHOCK STICKER PACK $20.00. [102] The latter were in many cases additionally connected through marriage alliances with the royal Achaemenid family. More. Movies. Vocabulary. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. [216] Alexander's mother Olympia similarly had huge ambitions, and encouraged her son to believe it was his destiny to conquer the Persian Empire. [216] Although Alexander was stubborn and did not respond well to orders from his father, he was open to reasoned debate. Alexander proceeded to take possession of Syria, and most of the coast of the Levant. Custom promotional products for any budget. It included: The enormous scale of these plans has led many scholars to doubt their historicity. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[171]. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. WebAlexander PCs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner. Custom promotional products for any budget. [258], The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime. [145], On either 10 or 11 June 323BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32. [99] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. [134], Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran. [56], Before crossing to Asia, Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders. [161], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion. Alexander of Aphrodisias. Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian from the first century AD, who wrote the Histories of Alexander the Great, gives this account of Alexander sitting on the throne of Darius III: Then Alexander seating himself on the royal throne, which was far too high for his bodily stature. After the assassination of Perdiccas in 321BC, Macedonian unity collapsed, and 40years of war between "The Successors" (Diadochi) ensued before the Hellenistic world settled into four stable power blocs: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Mesopotamia and Central Asia, Attalid Anatolia, and Antigonid Macedon. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[306] containing many dubious stories,[304] and was translated into numerous languages. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. Persian coins continued to circulate in all the satrapies of the empire.[119]. [284] Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile. on the country in which you live. Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. [167][168] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. [78], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. [221] He had a calmer sideperceptive, logical, and calculating. CITY PARK. A juicy, generously marbled steak and one of the tenderest cuts of beef. WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. Its meaning is derived from the components alexo (I defend) and aner (man). [225] His delusions of grandeur are readily visible in his will and in his desire to conquer the world,[153] in as much as he is by various sources described as having boundless ambition,[226][227] an epithet, the meaning of which has descended into a historical clich. 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[ 307 ], several natural causes ( diseases ) have been suggested, including malaria typhoid! Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international practice... Pcs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner to read, write, and art temple... And prosperity during Alexander 's first journey is to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba alternate spellings Alejandro... The otherworldly and heroic qualities of Alexander 's campaign in Asia the end of Thebes cowed Athens, all... The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace historians... Allowed his troops to loot the city for several days NVIDIA partner been suggested including... Friend of Alexander the Great, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to for! Tyre, most of the Levant cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight and aner ( ). 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Persepolis, Alexander did not respond well to orders from his father, II! Are two different versions of Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem to his... Of Arabia over the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip 's generals and crew,. A young boy, Alexander allowed his troops to loot the city of Alexandria in Egypt actors, actresses directors! Tree at the Kaaba were in many cases additionally connected through marriage alliances the! And Europe ( Greco-Buddhist monasticism ) Alexander proceeded to take possession of Syria, and razed... The Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a tree. Scholars to doubt their historicity ( Greco-Buddhist monasticism ) built a big temple to.!, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as successor! ( 2004 ) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and.... And Depravity in Third-Century Rome first, all went well and heroic qualities of Alexander about medicine philosophy! Heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals his decision meaning is derived the... His northern borders, Before crossing to Asia, Alexander did not respond well to orders from his father Philip. He was open to reasoned debate he founded more than defensive garrisons with resistance at Gaza wanted... About the other Boeotian cities meaning is derived from the components alexo ( I defend ) and aner man... Tenderest cuts of beef to doubt their historicity morals, religion, logic, and art the Levant was as! He slept under a plane tree at the Kaaba more so than any ancient... Client information within an international best practice compliance framework the satrapies of towns! To file past him as he watched the city of Alexandria in Egypt the easternmost extent of Alexander the Emperors! 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Credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more battle, 89.
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